SCO Summit 2025 — Comprehensive Notes
Tianjin, China
Dates: 30–31 Aug 2025
Format: Heads of State Council
Outline
1) What is the SCO & the 2025 Summit? 2) Why this summit matters (2025 context) 3) When & where 4) How the summit is conducted 5) Attendees (members, observers, partners) 6) India — Key Discussions & Positions 7) Likely/Reported Outcomes 8) Quick Glossary 9) Study Notes & Pointers1) What is the SCO & the 2025 Summit?
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a Eurasian political, economic, and security grouping founded in 2001 (originating from the “Shanghai Five” of 1996). Core aims include cooperation against terrorism, separatism, extremism, promotion of trade/transport/energy linkages, and dialogue on regional security.
Members (2025): China, Russia, India, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan,
Iran, and Belarus.
2) Why this summit matters (2025 context)
- Great-power dynamics: Push for a more multipolar order amid renewed tariff tensions and sanctions regimes.
- Regional security: Afghanistan stability, cross-border terrorism, and border de-escalation feature prominently.
- Economic re-wiring: Focus on intra-Eurasian trade, payments, and connectivity as buffers to external shocks.
- Energy & transport corridors: Pipelines, rail, ports, and digital corridors linking East, Central, South & West Asia.
3) When & where
Dates
30–31 August 2025
Host City
Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
Format
Plenary + Retreat + Bilaterals + Side forums (business/culture)
4) How the summit is conducted
- Closed-door leaders’ retreat for strategic issues.
- Plenary sessions culminating in a Chair’s statement / joint declaration.
- Bilateral meetings (e.g., China–India, Russia–China, India–Central Asia).
- Working groups on security, economy, energy, health, culture.
- Non-binding outcomes with high political signalling and follow-up through national agencies.
5) Attendees (members, observers, partners)
Note: Titles reflect 2025 incumbents and widely reported participation.
Member States (Heads of State/Government)
| Country | Leader | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| China | Xi Jinping (Host) | Chairing sessions in Tianjin |
| Russia | Vladimir Putin | High-profile bilaterals; energy/trade focus |
| India | Narendra Modi | Border stability, connectivity reboot, anti-terror |
| Iran | Masoud Pezeshkian | Energy & sanctions-resilient trade |
| Kazakhstan | Kassym‑Jomart Tokayev | Central Asian corridor hub |
| Kyrgyzstan | Sadyr Japarov | Customs/transit cooperation |
| Pakistan | Shehbaz Sharif | Counter-terrorism; trade |
| Tajikistan | Emomali Rahmon | Security cooperation |
| Uzbekistan | Shavkat Mirziyoyev | Trade & transit |
| Belarus | Alexander Lukashenko | Newer member; industrial links |
Observers & Dialogue Partners (select)
| Country | Leader | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Mongolia | Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh | Observer |
| Armenia | Nikol Pashinyan | Partner |
| Azerbaijan | Ilham Aliyev | Partner |
| Turkey | Recep Tayyip Erdoğan | Dialogue Partner |
| Egypt | Mostafa Madbouly | Dialogue Partner |
| Indonesia | Prabowo Subianto | Dialogue Partner |
| Malaysia | Anwar Ibrahim | Dialogue Partner |
| Vietnam | Pham Minh Chinh | Dialogue Partner |
| Laos | Thongloun Sisoulith | Dialogue Partner |
| Nepal | KP Sharma Oli | Dialogue Partner |
| Maldives | Mohamed Muizzu | Dialogue Partner |
| Cambodia | Hun Manet | Dialogue Partner |
International Organizations (select)
- United Nations (UN) — Secretary‑General António Guterres
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
- Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
- Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)
- Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
- SCO Secretariat, RATS (Regional Anti‑Terrorist Structure)
6) India — Key Discussions & Positions
Strategic Reset with China
- Leaders underscored being partners, not rivals; relations not to be viewed through a third‑country lens.
- Border stability and disengagement noted as prerequisites for normalcy.
- Practical steps discussed: resuming direct flights, facilitating visas, and reopening the Kailash Mansarovar pilgrimage.
Counter‑Terrorism Emphasis
- India sought stronger language on condemning terrorism and curbing support/financing.
- Linked CT cooperation to broader regional connectivity and trade facilitation.
Economic & Connectivity Agenda
- Support for resilient supply chains, digital payments linkages, and customs facilitation within SCO space.
- Backed energy/security dialogues and Central Asian transport corridors that include the Indian market.
Multilateral Signalling
- Reaffirmed strategic autonomy and a multipolar world order.
- Extended invitation for future BRICS‑related engagement hosted in India.
7) Likely/Reported Outcomes
- Chair’s statement referencing regional peace, economic cooperation, and counter‑terrorism.
- Announcements on flight resumptions/visa easing (China–India), and steps toward people‑to‑people ties.
- Momentum for payments/connectivity pilots among interested members.
- Follow‑ups via SCO working groups and ministerial tracks.
Exact text of declarations varies by final negotiated language published by the Host.
8) Quick Glossary
- RATS: Regional Anti‑Terrorist Structure of the SCO.
- Dialogue Partner: Non‑member state with formal cooperation channel to SCO.
- Plenary: Formal session with all leaders/delegations present.
9) Study Notes & Pointers
- Remember founding year (2001) and growth trajectory (India/Pakistan 2017; Iran 2023; Belarus joined later).
- Connect 2025 summit themes to tariffs, supply chains, and regional security.
- For exams: India’s triad — Border stability, Counter‑terrorism, Connectivity.
- Contrast SCO’s political signalling with legally binding treaties — outcomes are influential but not treaty‑like.
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