PATERN'S THEORY (STAGES OF PLAY)

Stages of Play in Child Development

About Mildred Parten

Mildred Parten was a sociologist and researcher who, in 1929, identified six stages of play that describe how children interact with their peers. Her work provides a framework for understanding the development of social and cognitive skills through play.

How Social Development Happens

Social development occurs as children progress through the stages of play, learning essential skills such as communication, cooperation, empathy, and conflict resolution. These interactions help children navigate relationships and build a foundation for teamwork and collaboration in adulthood.

1. Unoccupied Play (Birth to 3 Months)

Definition: Infants engage in random movements without a clear purpose, exploring their own bodies and immediate surroundings.

Example: A baby might wave their arms, kick their legs, or observe their hands.

2. Solitary Play (3 Months to 2 Years)

Definition: Children play alone, focusing on their activities without interest in or awareness of others nearby.

Example: A toddler stacking blocks by themselves, engrossed in the task.

3. Onlooker Play (Around 2 Years)

Definition: Children observe others playing but do not join in. They may engage in conversations about the play but remain on the sidelines.

Example: A child watching peers play in a sandbox, commenting on their actions without participating.

4. Parallel Play (2 Years and Older)

Definition: Children play side by side with similar toys or activities but do not interact directly. This stage serves as a transition to more social forms of play.

Example: Two children drawing pictures independently at the same table without discussing their artwork.

5. Associative Play (3 to 4 Years)

Definition: Children begin to interact with others, sharing toys and commenting on each other's activities, but there is no organized goal or group direction.

Example: Kids building a city with blocks, sharing pieces, and discussing their structures without a unified plan.

6. Cooperative Play (4 Years and Older)

Definition: Children play together in an organized manner, with roles assigned and a common goal. This stage involves teamwork and the development of social bonds.

Example: A group of children playing a game of 'house,' assigning roles like parent and child, and acting out scenarios together.