Type Theories
William Herbert Sheldon
Sheldon proposed the Somatotype Theory, which associates body types with personality traits:
- Endomorphs: Round and soft body; sociable, relaxed, and comfort-loving.
- Mesomorphs: Muscular and well-built; assertive, bold, and energetic.
- Ectomorphs: Slim and delicate; introverted, thoughtful, and sensitive.
Carl Jung
Jung classified personalities into:
- Introverts: Reserved, introspective, and prefer solitude.
- Extraverts: Outgoing, sociable, and enjoy being around others.
Trait Theories
Gordon Allport
Allport identified two types of traits:
- Common Traits: Shared within a culture.
- Personal Traits: Unique to an individual.
Raymond Cattell
Cattell used factor analysis to identify 16 personality factors that describe human personality.
Hans Eysenck
Eysenck proposed three major dimensions of personality:
- Extraversion: Sociability and outgoingness.
- Neuroticism: Emotional stability and anxiety levels.
- Psychoticism: Aggressiveness and interpersonal hostility.
Type-cum-Trait Theories
These theories combine elements of both type and trait approaches:
- Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): Based on Jung's theory, it categorizes individuals into 16 personality types using four dichotomies (e.g., Introversion vs. Extraversion).
- Big Five Personality Traits: While primarily a trait theory, it can be used to identify personality types based on the combination of five traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
Visual Representation
+-------------------------+
| Personality |
+-------------------------+
| |
| Type Theories |
| - Sheldon |
| - Jung |
| |
| Trait Theories |
| - Allport |
| - Cattell |
| - Eysenck |
| |
| Type-cum-Trait Theories|
| - MBTI |
| - Big Five |
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