Administration:
Administration involves setting overall policies that management works to
achieve within the organization. It covers areas like policy making, finance,
production, and distribution coordination. Administration defines the goals and
objectives of the organization and ensures their implementation. It includes
decision-making and management duties performed by those in leadership roles,
such as the chief of the army staff and his subordinates. Essentially, it
manages the operations and business tasks of any office or organization, making
necessary changes for efficiency.
Supervision: Supervision means having a clear vision to assess situations and guide future development, especially in education. It involves ensuring that teachers are competent, the learning environment is suitable, and students' progress is monitored.
Historically, supervision evolved from inspection and enforcement to
a more cooperative and democratic approach. Modern supervision focuses on
improving teaching and learning conditions.
Definitions
of Supervision:
Nagely
and Evans: Supervision includes educational development.
William
MacIver: It concerns the development of faculty and students
toward physical and social competence.
Willes:
Modern supervision assists in creating a better teaching and learning
environment.
Herald
and Mole: It involves activities focused on improving
learning and growth for students and teachers.
National
Education Association USA: Educational supervision includes:
Evaluating
teaching skills and students' needs.
Improving
teaching methods.
Assessing
students.
Creating
teaching aids.
Enhancing
the curriculum and conducting research.
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