THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT OTET

Theories of Development

Freud's Psychosexual Theory

Proposed by: Sigmund Freud

Country: Austria

Achievement: Founder of psychoanalysis

• Oral Stage (0-1 year): Focus on oral activities (sucking, biting). Development of trust and comfort.
• Anal Stage (1-3 years): Focus on bowel and bladder control. Development of autonomy and control.
• Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Focus on genitalia. Development of gender identity and moral values.
• Latency Stage (6-puberty): Sexual impulses are repressed. Development of social and communication skills.
• Genital Stage (puberty-adulthood): Maturation of sexual interests. Development of intimate relationships.

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

Proposed by: Erik Erikson

Country: Germany/USA

Achievement: Expanded Freud's theories to include social and cultural factors

• Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year): Development of trust when caregivers provide reliability.
• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years): Development of personal control and independence.
• Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years): Development of initiative and leadership skills.
• Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years): Development of competence and achievement.
• Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years): Development of personal identity and direction.
• Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood): Development of intimate relationships.
• Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood): Development of productivity and contribution to society.
• Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood): Reflection on life and sense of fulfillment.

Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

Proposed by: Jean Piaget

Country: Switzerland

Achievement: Pioneer in studying children's cognitive development

• Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): Development of object permanence and motor skills.
• Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): Development of language and symbolic thinking.
• Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): Development of logical thinking and understanding of conservation.
• Formal Operational Stage (11+ years): Development of abstract and hypothetical thinking.

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

Proposed by: Lev Vygotsky

Country: Russia

Achievement: Emphasized the role of social interaction and culture in development

• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The difference between what a child can do alone and with help.
• Scaffolding: Support provided by more knowledgeable others to help a child learn.

Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory

Proposed by: Lawrence Kohlberg

Country: USA

Achievement: Developed a theory of moral development based on stages

• Preconventional Level: Morality based on consequences (obedience and punishment, self-interest).
• Conventional Level: Morality based on social rules (conformity, law and order).
• Postconventional Level: Morality based on abstract principles (social contract, universal ethical principles).

Bandura's Social Learning Theory

Proposed by: Albert Bandura

Country: Canada/USA

Achievement: Introduced the concept of observational learning

• Observational Learning: Learning by observing others.
• Self-Efficacy: Belief in one's ability to succeed.

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

Proposed by: Urie Bronfenbrenner

Country: USA

Achievement: Developed a comprehensive model of human development

• Microsystem: Immediate environment (family, school).
• Mesosystem: Interactions between microsystems.
• Exosystem: External environments that indirectly influence development.
• Macrosystem: Cultural and societal influences.
• Chronosystem: Changes over time.