ASSESSMENT OF AFFECTIVE LEARNING:UNIT 3

 

AFFECTIVE LEANING

Affective domain describes the way people react emotionally and their ability to feel other living things' pain or joy.

Affective objectives typically target the awareness and growth in attitudes, emotion and feelings.

Attitude

Meaning and Definition of Attitude

An attitude is a variable which directly observed, but it is inferred from overt behavior both verbal and non-verbal responses. In more objective term the concept of attitude may be said to connote response tendency with regard to certain categories of stimuli.

In actual practice the term attitude‘has been most frequently associated with emotionally toned responses. The deep rooted feelings are the attitudes which cannot be changed easily.

An attitude is defined as a tendency to react in certain way toward a designated class of stimuli or an object‖

Opinion and Attitude

Opinion is sometimes differentiated from attitude, but the proposed distinctions are neither consistent nor logically defensible. More often the two terms are used interchangeable but psychologically these two terms are altogether different.

(i) Attitude of an individual is generally very rigid it cannot be easily changed, but opinion can be revised or changed easily.

(ii) Attitude of an individual can be graded easily but opinion cannot be graded, the opinions are usually in the form of yes or no.

(iii) Attitude of individual is considered as human trait or important variable, is measured

by rating scales. Opinion is not considered as trait or variable, is areas concern.

Opinion air is the tool to call the opinion of the individuals polling.

(iv) How an individual feel or what he believes is his attitude, but difficult to measure and describe. We have to depend for his attitude, what the individual says as to his beliefs and feelings. Really the expression is the opinion. Total opinion forms an attitude.

(v) The term opinion is used more often is refer to judgments and knowledge, where as the term attitude‘is more connotative of belongs, feelings and preferences.

(vi) The opinions, are usually verifiable than attitudes

Measurement of Attitudes

Psychometrics scaling procedures are described all represent technique for placing a set of stimuli on a numerical scale, seeking in every instance too much to reach the highest level of measurement possible under the experimental improved conditions‘.

Guilford and others (1954)

Psychometric scaling technique called successive intervals‘. Each of the stimuli under consideration is placed into one of a limited number of intervals ordered along some continuum.

Values

a. Meaning and Definition of Values

The term value‘is more sociological concept. The values fall in the realm of ethics, economics, aesthetics and religion.

They exist as they are experienced in human minds and translated into human actions.

The value determines the direction of human actions. Thus values are the significant determinant for individual differences. The values are related to feelings and beliefs of an individual which are deep rooted.

The value is defined in terms of sentiments and emotions likes and dislikes etc.

Values seem to reside in the objects just as truly as do colour, smell temperature size and shape‖.

Characteristics of values

The following are the characteristics of value-

It is the satisfaction of human wants.

 It is the psychological needs of a person

It is a generalized and that guides individual behavior and it is an organized ends.

 It is an outcome of human choices among the competitive human interest.

 It is the psychic-energy invested in the personality of an individual.

It is the real determinant of human behavior and relationship between subject and object.

 It is socially approved desires and goals, and experiences of life which guides the actions and behavior are known as values

Test of Values

A test of values, in contrast to one of attitudes, claims to measure generalized and dominant interests. The study of values (Allport and others), is based upon six categories of values, as classified by Spranger (type of men). The items are intended to measure the relative prominence of the subject‘s interests, for the purpose of classifying his values. The six categories of values are-

1. Theoretical values

2. Economic values

3. Aesthetic values

4. Social values

5. Political values and

6. Religions values

According to this classification-

1. The dominant interest of the theoretical man is discovery of truth.

2. The economic is interested in what is useful for him.

3. The aesthetic values form and harmonize most.

4. The highest value the social type is love of people.

5. The political man is interested primarily in power, and

6. The religious man places the highest value on unity.

Definition of Interest

The following are some important definitions of the term interest.

An interest is a tendency to become absorbed in an experience and to continue it‖.

- Bingham, W.V.

ii. The following are the main characteristics of Interest

1. Interests are not necessarily related to ability or aptitude.

2. Interest can be hereditary as well as acquired from environment, through the interests are mainly acquired.

3. Interests are fairly stable, cannot be changed easily.

4. Interests of an individual resemble with his parents or family interests.

5. Interests are the aspects of personality of an individual.

6. Interests are related to aptitudes and achievements.

 

iii. Measurement of Interest

There are various methods and tools of measuring personality such as observation, interview, check list questionnaire and inventories.

The following are most popular interest inventories-

1. Strong Vocational Interest Blank by E.K. Strong

2. Kuder Preference Record, and

3. Occupational Interest Inventory

The brief description of these instruments has been provided in the following paragraphs:

a. Strong Vocational Interest Blank

This interest blank was designed by E.K. Strong in 1919. It consists of 420 items concern with various occupations, school subjects, amusements, activities of people etc.

 It has been applied to persons in various professions such as law, medicine, teaching and engineering etc.,

According to strong some interests are common to all these professions. It is not concerned with ability.

It is applicable for adults. It is available in four forms for men, women, students and those who have left school long back. About 40, 50 minutes are given for taking the test.

 The reliability is about 0.80 validations it quite difficult. E.K. Strong validated after 16 years who had taken test. The norms have been developed for the inventory.

Limitations

The accuracy of statements made by the subject cannot be tested. There is the problem of stability of interests as it is an acquired trait, the interests change at the different stages of development.

 It does not indicate the success in the occupation.

b. Kuder Preference Record

The Kuder Preference Record has been developed for high school and college students.

Each item of this inventory consists of three preferences such as- (a) Study Physics (b) Study of Musical Composition and (c) Study Public Speaking.

It consists of 198 items in all, each item has three preferences. Preference is measured in nine field’s mechanical, scientific, computational, artistic, literacy, persuasive social service and clerical etc. It has high reliability index 90.

 

Interest inventories are used in the classification or selection of individual for different occupations.

 

It means that individual difference with regard to interests is useful for vocational guidance as well as educational guidance and counseling purpose.

 

 It provides the basis for selection of individuals for different jobs. It has the administrative function. Information about the interests of students is much more useful for teachers in school.

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c. Occupational Interest Inventory

Occupational Interest Inventory is designed to be used in a wide spectrum of career guidance activities.

It helps candidates choose an occupation, plan their career, and grow as professionals in the workplace.

The assessment, which is based on the RIASEC model, measures levels of interest in 12 domains and matches the candidate‘s profile with a list of 80 occupations across various sectors and fields.

 

In this way, it helps to pinpoint the most suitable profession for them.

 

The report provides a constructive analysis, helping the evaluator to initiate a meaningful dialogue with the candidate, understand their vocational interests, and match their profile with suitable career options.

 Recruitment

When combined with a personality questionnaire, Occupational Interest Inventory can be an integral part of your recruitment process. Through an assessment of interests and professional aspirations, recruiters can assign the positions and responsibilities that would be most stimulating and rewarding for employees.

Self-concept

One's self-concept (also called self-construction, self-identity, self-perspective or self structure) is a collection of beliefs about oneself that includes elements such as academic performance, gender roles, sexuality and racial identity.

Generally, self-concept embodies the answer to "Who am I?” Self-concept is a cognitive or descriptive component of one's self (e.g.

"I am a fast runner"),

Self-concept is made up of one's self-schemas, and interacts with self-esteem, self knowledge and the social self to form the self as whole. It includes the past, present, and future selves, where future selves (or possible selves) represent individuals' ideas of what they might

become, what they would like to become, or what they are afraid of becoming. Possible selves may function as incentives for certain behavior.