DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS

DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS

WHAT IS DEVELOPMENTAL TASK

In the words of R.H. HAVINGHURST’S –“ developmental task is a task which arises at or about a certain period of life of the individual, successful achievement of which leads to his happiness and to success with later tasks, while failure leads to unhappiness in the individual, disapproval by the society, and difficulty with later tasks."

Every society is age-graded and every society has a system of social expectations regarding age –appropriate behavior.

According to R. Harvighurst a developmental-task is a task which an individual has to and wants to solve in a particular life-period.

Havighurst writes, “A developmental-task is the midway between an individual need and a social demand. It assumes an active learner interacting with an active social environment”

 In simple words a developmental task may be explained as

1.     Every society and culture has certain norms.

2.     Every society expects its member to follow these norms.

3.     The norms are in terms of essential skills.

4.     Mastery over these skills leads to happiness and failure leads to unhappiness.

5.     Norms vary somewhat from one socio economic group to another.

LIST OF DEVELOPMENTALTASKS:

INFANCY (EARLY CHILDHOOD) PERIOD

1)    Learning to take food.

2)    Learning to talk.

3)    Learning to walk.

4)    Learning to control the elimination of body wastes

5)    Learning sex difference

6)    Achieving psychological stability

7)    Forming simple concepts of social and physical reality.

8)    Learning to distinguish

LATE CHILDHOOD PERIOD

1)    Leaning physical skills and games.

2)    Leaning to get along well with friends, class fellows,

 age mates, parents, teachers.

3)    Learning appropriate sex role.

4)    Developing basic skill in reading writing and arithmetic.

5)    Developing attitude towards social groups.

6)    Developing conscience ,morality and values

7)    Developing concepts necessary to everyday living.

8)    Achieving personal independence.

ADVANTAGES OF DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS

1.     Specification of course content:-the concepts of developmental tasks helps in specifying the course content and its objectives in definite terms .They serve as guidelines to the individual .so that he can know in advance what type of role he has to perform.

2.     Definite Goal :-it serves to show the individual what will be expected when he reaches the next stage of development.

3.     Helpful to teacher:-it is helpful to teacher to prepare a conducive environment to achieve the developmental task.

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CONCEPTS OF VALUE

CONCEPTS OF VALUE

ETYMOLOGICAL MEANING :- The word “value” is derived from Latin “valere” that mean “to be strong” or “ to be worth”.

PHILOSOPHICAL MEANING:-A value is directly related to view point or thought.

 Values are rules by which we make decisions about right or wrong, should and should not, good or bad. Values are principle or standards of behavior.

Values regulate and guide human behavior and action in our day to daily life. Values are embedded in every word we select and speak, what we wear, ways in which we interact, our perceptions and interpretation of others reactions in what we are say and so on.

Axiology is the branch of philosophy which deals with system of values. It is considered as theories of values .values are very important in human life for success in material life and social life of the individual.

VALUES  ACCORDING TO CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

The idea of what values should be fostered through education has been best expressed in the Constitution of India. The Indian Constitution has explicitly laid down fundamental duties of its citizens in Article 51A, emphasizing that every Indian citizen would:

·       ‘promote harmony and spirit of common brotherhood, transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectoral diversities;

·       renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;

·       value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;

·       protect and improve the natural environment;

·       develop the scientific temper;

·       abjure violence and

·       strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement’.

 In its Preamble itself, the Constitution lays down four universal values:

JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

LIBERTY of thoughts, expression, belief, faith and worship;

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them   all;

FRATERNITY, assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation.

DEFINITION

A/C John Dewey “The value means primarily to prize, to esteem, to appraise, to estimate”

Indian sociologist R.K mukerjee writes “By their nature” all human relations and behavior are imbedded in values.

So values  have utmost important in our life.

CLASSIFICATION OF VALUES

Different persons have suggested different types of value among them.

Classification-I A/c Ultimate Values	Classification-II A/c Brubacher	Classification-III A/c Objective & attitude	Classification-IV A/cUniversal values
Satyam	Immediate Values	Physical Values	Personal Values
Shivam	Remote Values	Economical Values	Family Values
Sundaram	Instrumental Values	Spiritual Values	Socio-ultural Values
	Instrinsic Values		Material Values
			Spiritual Values
			Moral Values
			Democartic Values
			Vedic Values

           

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OSSTET NOTIFICATION 2019

EXISTENTIALISM PHILOSOPHY

EXISTENTIALISM

Existentialism is a philosophy that focuses on the existence of mankind. Etymologically, the word existence is derived from the Latin word “existere” which means “to stand out.”

It deals with certain questions like- 

Why I am here?

                                                           

Why do I exist?

                                                           

What is the purpose in my life?

                                                           

What is my essence?
(existence precedes essence)

Existentialism suggests that individuals have to take responsibility of his own actions and their own destinies where choice is vital and inevitable to human existence.

Chief exponents of existentialism are –Soren Kierkgaard (FATHER OF EXISTENTIALISM)

                                                                        Fridedrich Nietzsche

                                                                        Jean Paul Sartre

Existentialism and Aim Of Education

1.     Emphasis on self Realization.

The existence of  individuality is the fact that man should get an opportunity for self realization .

2.     Imparting knowledge .

It aims at imparting knowing to individual as it believes that education helps an individual to make him/her good human.

3.     Providing freedom and individual responsibility.

It insists on the individual choice or interest because the life experienced by human today is full of business. There is no time for him/her to execute his individual responsibility. so it is  focused on freedom and individual responsibility.

4.     Foster  growth of uniqueness.

This should be the primary aim of education because existentialists are not interested  in universal aim.

5.     Keep free from worries and frustrations.

the feeling  weakness and insecurity in modern world is a common problem i.e full of anxieties ,worries ,frustrations .these may be removed the quality of individuality .so it focuses in keeping free the human from worries and frustration.

Curriculum

Subjects like science ,humanities ,moral and religious education are specially emphasized in it. But all these subjects should be according to the nature of the child individual interests.

Method of teaching

The most favored methods are

 Socratic Method, 

Discussion Method,

Intuition Method, Individualized Method,

Informal Method .

 Role Of Teacher

 Teacher plays an prominent role in existentialism.

                                 i.            He is  the creator of such educational situation where the students can establish contact with self .

                               ii.            Teacher should sympathetic to the child ,who is rebellious in nature .

                             iii.            A teacher should not think about children as problem children .

                             iv.            Teacher should have empathy to solve child’s problem.

Role Of student

 The child has full freedom .

The child should know the existence and convert imperfection into perfection.

DISCIPLINE

Freedom is central to existentialism.  Child has its own personal choice and action. No restriction should laid from outside.

Educational Implications

Child centered education  which is watchword of prevalent educational system .

Child ‘s interest is preferred first and respected in classroom situation.

Curriculum of prevalent educational society not only connects the knowledge of book but also interest area of child.

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